Paul
Goble
Staunton, June 21 – Leonid Nikitinsky,
a member of the Presidential Human Rights Council, who accompanied a delegation
of that body to the North Caucasus May 30 - June 9 offers six lessons for
Russians who know less about that region than people there know about Russia (novayagazeta.ru/comments/73492.html).
First of all, in the North Caucasus,
the journalist says, “the feds have no nationality” and thus are “not the same
thing as ‘[ethnic] Russians.” They include all those, Russian and non-Russian
alike who do not develop relations with the local people, and therefore do not
understand how the locals think but instead impose the standards of outsiders
on them.
“The secret dream of all residents
of the Caucasus is that ‘the feds’ will disappear from there as in Chechnya,
preferably of course without shooting.” But the senior officials in the
republics there know that if that happens, “the sleeping volcanoes” of
traditional life will erupt and create instability everywhere, as in fact is
the case in Chechnya as well.
Nikitinsky says that “the problem of
the federal center is also that if [Moscow] appoints someone who does not
understand this and does not like it” there will be problems too. “The heads of
the republics are something like bilingual ‘feds’ who know the [local] customs
but also have obvious and secret channels with Martian Moscow.”
Second, he says, in the North
Caucasus more than in other parts of Russia, people don’t like to put up with
lies. That is why so many journalists are killed there, the Moscow journalist
says. Russians view the entire region as “a world of fake” institutions, “but ‘for
internal use, a lie here is impossible” and those who engage in lying will pay
a price.
Third, Nikitinsky argues, “the
Caucasus understands Russia much better than Russian understands the Caucasus.” That is because many people from that region
have lived in other parts of Russia, while few Russians have lived in or even
visited the region and so view it through a false optic.
Among the consequences of this
imbalance is that the most effective ways to resolve conflicts in the region “significantly
differ from those which are taken in the rest of the Russian Federation,” but
Russians assume they can use the same methods or simply employ military force.
Fourth, he points out, “the laws of
the Russian Federation often don’t function in the Caucasus.” More than in
other parts of the country, people in the North Caucasus simply ignore the
flood of laws and regulations Moscow sends out, seeing them often as “without
any sense” compared to “the norms of shariat and customs (adats).”
Fifth, if the feds in the North
Caucasus have no nationality, Nikitinsky says, it is always the case that a
person who commits a crime does and that people there will focus on that,
something that restricts the growth of crime in many cases but that increases
the dangers of ethnic explosions when any crime is committed.
And
sixth, he insists, “’Islamic terrorism’ is a scarecrow” used to frighten
people. In reality what one has across the region is a revolt against Russia, “against
the federal center” because in the final analysis “the Caucasus is not Russia”
and can’t be understood by those who assume that it is or can be.
Dealing
with this reality won’t be easy, he suggests. More federalism is fine, but the
reality is that if it includes the right or the possibility of self-determination,
there will be more war. The best one can hope for, he suggests, is that
ultimately Russians will understand the North Caucasians as well as the latter
understand themselves – and act accordingly.
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