Paul
Goble
Staunton, December 1 – Orthodox
churches in Moscow built before 1700 feature crosses with a Muslim crescent
moon on them, a feature not found on any Orthodox church in Kyiv and an
indication, Andrey Bulgarov argues, that “the Muscovite variant of Orthodoxy is
much closer to Islam than it is to Christianity.”
Russians have many explanations for
the fact that a Muslim crescent is displayed on the crosses of these churches,
the Ukrainian commentator says, the most popular of which is that it signifies
the subordination of Islam to Muscovy after Ivan the Terrible seized Kazan (nr2.com.ua/blogs/Andrey_Bulgarov/Moskovity-ne-hristiane-islamskiy-polumesyac-na-rossiyskih-krestah-112556.html).
But such an argument is “absurd,” he
suggests, just as absurd as it would have been for Moscow to put the symbols of
Nazism on Soviet symbols as a sign of its “victory over fascism.” And consequently, one needs to look in a
different direction for an explanation, especially since such crescents are not
found in the Orthodox churches of Kyiv.
“As is well-known,” Bulgarov argues,
“the Moscow principality and later kingdom was completely subordinate to the
Golden Horde and its descendants, and that in turn means that life in Muscovy
was in no way distinguished from life in the Kazan, Astrakhan or Siberian
kingdoms.” Moreover, Moscow residents greeted each other with the word “salaam.”
The Muscovite elite preferred
oriental clothing and women were kept out of public view and wore veils
(chaders) when in public. Clearly, “such a way of life could not but be
reflected in the beliefs of Muscovites,” as for example when women were kept
out of churches and had to pray outside.
“The chronicles say that the church
in Muscovia was cruel and authoritarian, and this distinguished it in
significant ways from the democratic Christian religion disseminated in Kyivan
Rus before the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
The most important dogma for the Muscovites was the recognition of the
tsar as the representative of God on earth.”
That meant that to the tsar
everything was permitted and to his slaves nothing, “a version of Christianity
that was very useful for the Golden Horde authorities.” To use such ties from
within Orthodoxy itself was the best means for keeping order that they could
imagine, Bulgarov says.
This tradition was continued by all
succeeding Muscovite tsars, none of whom “decide to return to his people the
true Orthodox faith of Kyivan Rus,” something foreign travelers noted in the
seventeenth century. One Swedish visitor
even posed the question; “Are Muscovites in general Christians? And then he
gave a negative answer to that!”
That in turn means, Bulgarov
continues, that “the Muscovite variant of Orthodoxy is much closer to Islam
than to Christianity,” an observation that even Vladimir Putin has made in the
past. But it also means that Ukrainian
Orthodoxy which doesn’t have this feature is much closer to the rest of the Christian
world than Russian Orthodoxy and Russia is.
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