Paul
Goble
Staunton, April 1 – Leokadiya Drobizheva,
Russia’s senior ethno-sociologist and a member of the Presidential council on
ethnic relations, says that no law can make a nation civic or otherwise because
“a nation is formed over the course of centuries” and “collective mentality and
historical memory aren’t governed by legislation.”
In an interview with Vladimir
Yemelyanenko of Rossiiskaya gazeta,
Drobizheva says that she and her colleagues at the direction of the president were
working on “a project about the strengthening of a civic nation and suddenly the
theme of a law about the civic Russian nation surfaced” (rg.ru/2017/03/28/sociolog-o-tom-nuzhen-li-v-rossii-zakon-o-rossijskoj-nacii.html).
Russians feel themselves citizens of
their country, but “don’t call this a nation,” she continues. “We have a
historic term ‘nation’” that defines that in ethnic terms. Civic identity “is a recognition of oneself
as a Rossiyanin, a member of a
political community which includes people of various nationalities.”
Drobizheva points out that this
sense of civic identity, just like a sense of ethnic identity, varies over
time. In the 1990s, she recalls, the Moscow Institute of Sociology “conducted
the first surveys on whether Russians felt themselves to be” members of a civic
nation. At that time, in Moscow, only 25-27 percent of Muscovites answered “yes.”
Today, however, 75 to 80 percent of
all residents of the Russian Federation answer that question positively. The
very highest percentages, “more than 91 percent,” are found in Tomsk, Yekaterinburg
and Sverdlovsk oblasts, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Kaliningrad, and Astrakhan.
The lowest – 63-67 percent – are reported in the Caucasus, the Far East and
Kamchatka.”
Asked whether as many as a third of
people in the latter group of federal subjects don’t feel themselves to be
members of a civic Russian nation, Drobizheva says, that this misreads the
situation: “Russian civic identity has regional and intra-corporate
hierarchies,” and thus in some places other identities are predominant.
“In Moscow, St. Petersburg,
Vladivostok, Sochi, and Siberia (Omsk and Novosibirsk),” she says, “urban or
scientific cultural identity may predominate over all-Russian identities.” In
some places a peasant identity or a religious identity may be more important
for residents, but that doesn’t mean that a civic Russian identity isn’t there
as well.
According to Drobizheva, “the task of the new
law or action about the nation is to combine these hierarchies,” rather than to
eliminate important parts of them.
In most countries, civic identities
have emerged first in major cities; but in Russia, there has been a problem, at
least from the point of view of the state. There, “the Russian center of European
identity … is [also] a leader of opposition attitudes,” and that makes both the
state and other ethnic and religious groups suspicious of it.
But the opposition attitudes in
Moscow are not the problem, the sociologist argues. “We have said for a long
time that the threat of social storms comes not from the creative opposition,
not from the fall in oil prices and not from nationalists but from
extra-judicial reprisals.” Data show
that inter-ethnic and inter-religious levels of trust are quite high.
“Trust in the parliament and
judicial system is low, but it does exist,” Drobizheva says. “We have a very
high level of trust in the president. [And] inter-confessional and inter=ethnic
trust is much higher than usually thought. [But] on the other hand, only 30
percent of citizens feel personal responsibility for the fate of the country
and understand that it depends on them.”
In some places, like Sakha, the
major cities of Siberia, and St. Petersburg, this sense of civic responsibility
is higher. In those places, “people are
not afraid to assume the burden of forming volunteer or their own
mini-communities and organizations.” Such attitudes need to be encouraged and
spread.
The reason for that is obvious: “it
is impossible to form a civic nation only ‘from above.’ One must have a
response ‘from below.’”
Russia is becoming “a nation of
nations,” the sociologist says. “No one will take the title of nation from the
people. But a nation has as well the function of uniting people of various
nationalities and various cultural interests into [such a] nation of nations.”
Russians often look to the US or
Western Europe for models of the formation of a civic nation, but Drobizheva
suggests that the Russian experience if closed to that of Spain. “There there are the nations of Catalonians,
Castillians, and Basques but all of them together are Spaniards.”
She points out further that “a sense
of unity with people of one’s own nationality experience 80 percent of ethnic
Russians and 83-87 percent of Russian residents of other nationalities.”
Research also shows the great significance of religious identity, not only on
its own but as a promoter of ethnic solidarity.
Russians should not be afraid of
this but rather welcome it, Drobizheva concludes, because “the ethnic
solidarity of all peoples is, as research shows, a resource for the future.”
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