Paul
Goble
Staunton, June 1 – Vladimir Putin is
launching a new regional policy, one so deeply centralist that “the regions
will in fact lose their title of subjects of the Federation and be converted
into only objects of administration from the center,” according to Vadim
Shtepa, one of Russia’s leading regionalist writers.
In today’s “Gazeta,” Shtepa says
that this new approach to Russia’s regions contained in a draft paper on “Foundations
of State Policy on the Regional Development of the Russian Federation” (http://regulation.gov.ru/project/25352.html)
that replaces a 1996 document can best be described as “’post-federalism’” (gazeta.ru/comments/2015/05/28_a_6737745.shtml).
In
the 1990s, Moscow routinely ignored the Federation Treaty and the federal
principles in the Russian Constitution, Shtepa says, but “the new document
replaces the federation not only de facto
but also de jure.” The word “federation”
remains in the new document “but only as something entirely nominal, a polite
reference to the constitutional past.”
Indeed,
the Russian regional writer argues, “by analogy with post-modernism, one can
characterize” what Putin is proposing “as ‘post-federalism,’ as one and the
same words suddenly acquire different meanings and interpretations.” Thus,
while federalism is typically about the delegation of powers from the regions
to the center, Putin’s new version does just the reverse.
“It
is extremely indicative,” Shtepa continues, “that unlike the 1996 document, in
the new draft are completely absence such fundamental federalism terms as ‘decentralization
of power’ and ‘equality of subjects.’”
Instead, it specifies that regional policy is all about promoting “the
national interests of the Russian Federation.”
The new document
says that Moscow will pursue its regional policy “’selectively.’” That obviously
means that “some regions will have more rights and authority than others.” Whether that will strengthen the state as a
whole as the document claims is, Shtepa suggests, “extremely doubtful.”
There
is another “interesting distinction” between the 1996 document and the 2015
draft: The earlier document calls for creating conditions for the formation of
free economic zones; the new one makes no reference to that. Moreover, the new
one calls for the development of “mysterious ‘macro-regions,’” an apparent bow
to Putin’s stalled regional amalgamation effort.
At present, the
Russian Federation in words copies successful federal systems like those in the
United States and elsewhere, but in reality, it guts these words of any meaning
by Moscow’s control over tax revenues, forcing regions to depend on the center,
and its control over candidates for gubernatorial office, thus limiting the role
of the regions still further.
The new
draft simply scraps the words and thus makes it even more likely that the
country will move ever further away from federalism toward a hyper-centralized
regime. Indeed, Shtepa says, about the only area where regions are to have any
autonomy is in the intellectual sphere, where the new document says they should
try to come up with new ideas.
But
under current conditions, any such efforts would be extremely “risky,” he
continues, because Moscow has in place a variety of supervisory organs which
are always prepared to charge anything they don’t like coming from the regions
as a manifestation of a dangerous “’separatism.’”
“In
a word,” Shtepa says, “Russian regional policies under conditions of
post-federalism will ever more recall the story about the empty pool.” The coach will tell his charges: “’Learn to
swim!’” To which the latter will respond, “’Fill the pool with water.’” To
which the coach in turn will respond, “’Learn to swim and then we’ll fill it
up.’”
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